Academic Information Systems and Recommendations using AHP at SMA Islamic Center Tangerang

Nowadays, technology is indispensable to solve problems. Technology can facilitate communication without thinking about distance, space, and time. Currently, the advancement of technology is useful for most people in carrying out their activities, especially in the field of education. Islamic Centre High School Tangerang is one of the schools that require information systems to manage data as it still uses the manual method. This research was specifically conducted to assist t Islamic Centre High School Tangerang in building a system for managing school data, so that it can provide recommendations to students to decide on a study program to a higher level of education, as well as to help parents monitoring their children activities. The methodology used in this study is qualitative methods, RAD methodology and the Prototyping method. Meanwhile, the method of recommending study programs for students used the Analytical Hierarchy Process method, that is by comparing the value of criteria consisting of accreditation, majors, grades, and comparison of alternative values consisting of study programs and universities. The system was tested using black box testing method. The result of this study is a web-based academic information systems with recommendation feature. The system can display a ranking of student study program recommendations based on a comparison of criteria and alternative values using the Analytical Hierarchy Process Method.


INTRODUCTION
Technology can be used as a tool to solve a problem or as a communication tool [1]. The use of technology provides convenience, such as processing data, sharing information and doing business. Most of the technology has been widely used in the fields of business, entertainment, industry, communication, and education. When technology has not developed as it is today, all activities are done manually, in so doing activities become slow and thus require a lot of time. Education is one of the fields that require technology. Current technological advancements in education field are expected to assist educators in providing convenience in managing data [2] [3]. Therefore, with the development of current technology, it is very helpful for most humans in carrying out their activities, especially in the field of education which requires an accurate information system to minimize errors [4], hence information systems are needed [5].
Information systems used in the field of education are called academic information systems. Academic information system is software used to present information and organize administration related to academic activities [6]. The services provided are as follows: management of student data, schedules, grades, and report cards. An educational institution is a place where the teaching and learning process takes place, including education in the family, school, and community. In the current era of globalization, educational institutions will be able to apply information technology to support academic activities such as data processing and presenting academic information quickly and accurately, but there are still some schools that use manual methods in presenting information [7] [8]. This is mainly due to the lack of qualified teachers in the IT field. Based on the Central Statistics Agency which has conducted a survey in 4,014 schools spread across 34 provinces, there are results that the use and utilization of information and communication technology for the proportion of teachers who have qualifications in the IT field at the high school level ISSN 2085-4552 and the equivalent is 14.43% [9]. One of the educational institutions that still uses manual methods in managing their data is Islamic Center High School Tangerang. Currently, they still use manual methods in carrying out academic activities such as taking attendance using paper, using grade books to store student grades, calculating them manually by asking each category weight to the respective subject teacher, calculating it and then entering it into the report card. Based on interviewed with headmaster, there are frequent errors in the calculation of grades and there are some students who complain because of the incorrect spelling of names on the report card because of manual tasking. So, an academic information system is purposefully created to assist SMA Islamic Center Tangerang in processing academic data properly.
The result can help SMA Islamic Center Tangerang to managing student and teacher data, viewing class schedules, viewing grades, downloading test cards, and printing student report cards. The required academic information system using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method can also help students in class X and XI to get recommendation for the study program they are interested in or want when they go to a higher level of education. AHP method used for this research because this method can give teacher privilege to manage category weight based on their preference for personalization recommendation study program result.

II. METHOD
The system development methodology used for the Academic Information System is the Rapid Application Development (RAD) using prototyping method. RAD is a development method a system in a relatively short time. Advantages obtained with using the RAD methodology is faster, more accurate, and more cost-effective inexpensive [10]. The Prototyping method is a system model that help development is done quickly and easily. The Prototyping method provides how to develop a more effective and efficient system through discussion, exploration, experimentation, and improvement over and over again [10]. The recommendation system for this webiste is using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The AHP was first developed and introduced in 1970 by Thomas L. Saaty, a Professor of Mathematics from the University of Pittsburgh [11]. AHP is one of the methods of Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM). AHP is a measurement theory used to derive ratio scales from discrete and continuous pairwise comparisons [1] [11] [12].
The AHP method is carried out by forming a problem structure and then compiling a hierarchical structure of the problem starting from the goal, then the criterion variable, then followed by alternative variables. The AHP method is widely used to prioritize options with many criteria, but its application has been widely used as an alternative model of cost benefits, forecasting and others [13]. In the field of education, the AHP method can help in making decisions about choosing a study program [14].
In solving problems with the AHP method, there are several basic principles, namely, decomposition (principles of compiling a hierarchy), comparative judgment, synthesis of priority, logical consistency [15][16] [17]. The first step in determining the priority of elements in a decision problem is to make pairwise comparisons. The AHP method uses pairwise comparison between one factor and other factor to produce factor weights and between one alternative to another alternative for evaluation factor. The factor uses pairwise comparison matrix as with 1-9 scale [1]. The elements are compared in pairs against a specified criterion. Table 1 pairwise comparison presented in the form of a matrix. The formula for calculating CI is as follows: Description: = the maximum value of the eigenvalues of order n.
The maximum eigen value is obtained by adding up the result of the comparison matrix multiplication with the main eigenvector (priority vector) and dividing it by the number of elements. The CI value will be meaningless if there is no reference to state whether the CI shows a consistent or inconsistent matrix. Any scalar multiple kv of the eigenvector v that includes is also an eigenvector because: To achieve the eigenvalues of the matrix A of size × . then it can be written in the following equation: Or equivalently: For to be an eigenvalue, there must be a non-zero solution of the above equation. However, the above equation will have a non-zero solution if and only if: The above equation is called the characteristic equation A, the scalar that satisfies the above equation is the eigenvalue of A. It is known that the value of the ratio of element to element is , so theoretically the matrix has the opposite positive characteristic, namely = 1 . The weight sought is expressed in vector = ( 1 , 2 , 3 , … , ). The value of represents the weight of criterion against the entire set of criteria in the sub-system. If represents the degree of importance of factor i to factor j and represents the degree of importance of factor j to factor k then for the decision to be consistent, the importance of factor i to factor k must be equal to • or if • = for all i, j ,k. For a matrix consistent with vector w, then the element aij can be written: So, the consistency matrix is as follows: As described above, the pairwise comparison matrix can be broken down into: From the above equation, we get: From the above equation, it can be seen that the consistent pairwise comparison matrix is: . =1 ∀ , = 1,2,3, … , (11) . =1 ∀ , = 1,2,3, … , The above equation is equivalent to the form of a matrix equation: In matrix theory, the above formulation explains that w is the eigenvector of matrix A with the Eigen values of n. Note that n is the dimension of the matrix itself. In the form of a matrix equation, it can be written as follows: But in reality, it cannot be guaranteed that: One of the causes of this happening,, is the human element (decision maker) because it is not always consistent and absolute in expressing preferences for the elements being compared. In other words, the assessment given to each element of the problem at a hierarchical level may be inconsistent.

III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The following are the steps in calculating AHP:

A. Create a recommendation hierarchy
The first step in calculating AHP is to create a hierarchy consisting of three levels, the first level of objectives, the second level of assessment criteria and the third level of alternative choices and assessments. The factor that determines the results of the recommendations is by determining the weights on the criteria and alternatives. The weight of the assessment is carried out first to create a pairwise comparison matrix that describes the effect of each criterion on the alternatives. Figure 2 is a hierarchy of recommendations for the "Information Academic Islamic Center High School" system. The data in Figure 2 is the data entered by the user. Users can add their own criteria and alternatives. The criteria in Figure 2 were added based on the Ministry of Education and Culture's assessment for SNMPTN.

B. Do pairwise comparisons
After creating the hierarchy, the next step is to perform pairwise comparisons based on the Saaty scale to get the weight of the criteria. Table 2 is a pairwise comparison to get the weight of the criteria.

C. Performing the calculation of the weight of the criteria
After performing pairwise comparisons, the next step is to calculate the weight of the criteria (priority vector). Figure 3 is the calculation of the weight of the criteria. The criterion matrix is obtained after doing a weight comparison, after that normalization of each matrix, according to the formula contained in the previously described equation. The results of the normalization of the matrix will be added every row, if you get the results, then the columns will be summed. The result of the sum will be calculated with the result of the column sum to get the average matrix.

D. Check Consistency Ratio (CR)
The next step is to check the Consistency Ratio (CR) of the criterion paired comparison matrix. If CR > 0.1, the pairwise comparison must be repeated until CR <= 0.1. Before calculating the CR value, it must be calculated to get the Consistency Index (CI) value. The CI formula can be found in the previously described equation. Figure 4 is a calculation to get the CI value.  Figure 4, you can directly perform calculations to get the CR value. Figure 5 is a calculation to get the results of the CR value.  Figure  5 the results of CR = 0.05, which means CR <= 0.1, so it is consistent. The IR value is obtained based on Figure 1 which corresponds to the order of the matrix. Figure 6 is a new hierarchical arrangement added with the weights of each criterion.

E. Calculation of alternative weights
The next step is to perform calculations for alternative weights. Each alternative performs calculations based on existing criteria. Based on the hierarchy in Figure 7, the weight calculations that must be carried out are alternatives for majors' criteria, alternatives for value criteria, and alternatives for accreditation criteria. Figure 8 is the result of calculating alternative weights based on criteria.

F. Calculating alternative ranking
The final step is to calculate the ranking of alternatives. The alternative ranking results are obtained by adding up the multiplication of each alternative weight with the weight of the corresponding criteria. Figure 9 is a calculation to get the ranking results. This Academic Information System and Recommendations website is build using Indonesian Language can be accessed by 5 actors: admin, teacher, homeroom teacher, student, and parent. This website provides menus for manage report cards, manage selfdevelopment scores, manage grades, manage attendance, access recommendations, manage recommendations, change passwords, manage exam schedules, download test cards, manage user data, manage grade criteria, register users, manage schedules, manage subjects, manage the school year, manage classes, manage school payment information, view schedules, view report cards, access student grades, and access attendance. Each actor has a different menu access in this website. Figure 10 until Figure 15 shows a snapshot of some of the academic information system interfaces and recommendations that have been made. Figure 10 shows the system view for dashboard.     This website uses Blackbox testing method for system functional testing. This website has successfully passed the testing phase on each menu. Table 3 shows an example of Blackbox testing for the criteria comparison page for major recommendations. The result of this study is an academic information system for SMA Islamic Center. The conclusions obtained are based on the result of system and Blackbox testing for the user: • The "Information Academic SMA Islamic Center" system has been successfully designed and developed using the website which can be accessed by homeroom teachers, teachers, homeroom students, students, and admins with different views according to their respective roles.
• The system can also display the grades of each student in the middle of the semester, so that each student can improve their learning for grade ISSN 2085-4552 promotion. The system for viewing report card data can also be printed in PDF form, making it easier for students and homeroom teachers when distributing report cards or when they need a hardcopy of report cards.
• The student data view system can also help each student if there is an incorrect personal data, but not all data can be changed by students, only some data can be changed by themselves. The system also helps students to view the student's class schedule, and the system can also print the student's class schedule.
• Home on the system can help parents/guardians of students in monitoring their children in the field of education. Parents/guardians also get access to see each student's grades.
• Recommendations for majors can be combined with other recommendation methods such as linear regression