Ultima Management is committed to ensuring that authorship accurately reflects the intellectual contributions and responsibilities of individuals involved in the preparation of scholarly articles. All authors listed in a submitted manuscript must have made substantial scholarly contributions to the work and must be able to take responsibility for their respective contributions.
Authorship should be based on substantive contributions to one or more of the following: the conception or design of the study; the collection, analysis, or interpretation of data; or the development of the theoretical framework and scholarly arguments presented in the manuscript. All authors must also participate in drafting the manuscript or critically reviewing it for important intellectual content, approve the final version for publication, and agree to be accountable for the accuracy and integrity of the work.
The designation and order of authors must be determined collectively by the authors based on their respective contributions and mutual agreement. The corresponding author is responsible for ensuring that all listed authors have approved the submitted manuscript, agreed to its submission to Ultima Management, and provided accurate information regarding their names, affiliations, and contributions.
Individuals whose contributions do not meet the authorship criteria should not be listed as authors solely on the basis of their position, seniority, funding provision, general supervision, or administrative support. Such contributions may be acknowledged appropriately, with the consent of the individuals concerned.
Ultima Management does not permit guest authorship, gift authorship, or ghost authorship. Any changes to the authorship or author order after submission must be justified and agreed upon by all affected authors, subject to editorial approval.
All authors are responsible for maintaining academic integrity, ensuring the originality of the manuscript, providing appropriate attribution to cited sources, and disclosing any relevant conflicts of interest. The use of artificial intelligence (AI) tools in preparing a manuscript must be disclosed in accordance with the journal's applicable policies. AI tools cannot be listed as authors, and human authors remain responsible for the accuracy, originality, and integrity of the submitted work.
Any suspected authorship dispute or violation of authorship ethics will be handled in accordance with the journal's publication ethics policy and relevant scholarly publishing guidelines.